Thursday 21 December 2017

Activity Profile Between Winners And Losers Silat Olahraga Women Class B, C And D In 28th Sea Games Singapore 2015

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to investigate the winning and losing factors of silat olahraga women Class B, C and D between Singapore, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam in Silat Olahraga during 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Five (5) matches was selected, women semifinal Class B between Singapore and Laos, women quarterfinal Class C between Singapore and Indonesia, women quarterfinal Class D between Singapore and Thailand, women semifinal Class D between Malaysia and Singapore and women final class D between Malaysia and Vietnam. Many techniques are used during this competition. For example punch, kick, topple, sweep, block and many more. These techniques has been chose to analyze the performance of Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapore and Laos women athletes. All the raw data collected from the all matches used the system produced by Shapie, Oliver, O’Donoghue, and Tong (2013). The notational analysis was used to record all the selected outcomes to compliment this study such as hit target, hit elsewhere and miss opponent indicators.

INTRODUCTION

Silat is a term used to describe the martial arts forms practiced throughout the Malay Archipelago. It is also collective word for native’s martial arts that begins from Indonesia. The combination of the words Pencak and Silat into a compound word was made for the first time when an organization of the unity of Pencak schools and Silat schools in Indonesia was founded in Surakarta in 1948, which called Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia (The Indonesian Pencak Silat Association), abbreviated as IPSI (Kartomi, 2011). Silat is a fighting and survival art combination. According to Wilson (2003), silat is a form several factors such as education from a tradition, a self-defense, a spiritual and ritual components and now its establish as a sport around the world. Pencak Silat brings to light very different subjectivities, inter-subjectivities, and ways of objectifying the body in regional- and national-level practice (Wilson, 2009). In Malay dictionary, silat can be defined as a combination if art and intelligence to perform attack and defense with a beautiful form. The other source that defines silat is from the word of kilat (lightning) (Shamsuddin, 2005). Silat traditionally practiced in Southern Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, Brunei, Philippines and also Malaysia. Plus, it has evolved on the African continent, Western countries, the United States and the Soviet countries. It is widely implemented in the form of art and sports competitions Silat is one of the sports included in the Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games) and other region-wide competitions. In Malaysia, silat is a combative art of Malay fighting arts.
According to Aziz, Tan, and Teh (2002) pencak silat is divide by two categories which are silat olahraga and silat seni (contact and artistic). In Silat Seni (artistic), the performer will give 3 minutes to perform an art or solo fighting. While in Silat Olahraga (contact), the motion can be characterized into 13 different of motion such as fake kick, fake punch, block and sweep, block and kick, block and punch, self-release, dodge, sweep, topple, catch, block, kick and punch (Shapie, M. N. M., Oliver, J., O’Donoghue, P., & Tong, R., 2013). Silat Olahraga is a popular combat sport, but less is known about the sports in terms of sport science of physiological demands and characteristics Shapie (2011).
PERSILAT (Persekutuan Pencak Silat Antarabangsa), which was established in Jakarta on March 1980 is the only international organization of Pencak Silat in the world. In Malaysia, PESAKA is the National Silat Federation and was founded by Silat Seni Gayong Malaysia, Silat Cekak Malaysia, Silat Lincah Malaysia and Seni Gayung Fatani Malaysia. PESAKA is the only Malaysian national Silat Olahraga sanctioned body. On the 23rd to 24th of September 1979, when the 14th SEA Games were held, Indonesian Pencak Silat Federation (IPSI) presented Silat Olahraga. The rules of competition have been sorted out in the year 1973. Other martial arts techniques were included such as karate, jujitsu in order to strengthen and improve the silat itself. The first Pencak Silat Olahraga competition which was held in Singapore at 1980. In 1982, the Pencak Silat competition introduced two new competitions which are Silat Seni and Silat Olahraga. The competition organizer changed the terms for the categories into Tunggal, Ganda, Regu and Tanding (Olahraga Pencak Silat/ Silat Olahraga). In order to standardize for the athletes and simplify the evaluation, the Tunggal (solo), Ganda (double) and Regu (triple) categories were standardized. The methods and markings of Tanding went back to the pencak silat technique. Southeast Asean Games (SEA Games) is a sport event between 11 countries of Southeast Asia which are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Vietnam (Seneviratne, 1993). This event will be held every two year. There are three (3) rounds in total of fighting. Two (2) minutes for every round, with 1 minute rest between each round.


MATERIAL AND METHODS

Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapore and Laos is the team that are selected to be the sample or subject. The data analysis has been collected from 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015 women semifinal Class B between Singapore and Laos, women quarterfinal Class C between Singapore and Indonesia, women quarterfinal Class D between Singapore and Thailand, women semifinal Class D between Malaysia and Singapore and women final class D between Malaysia and Vietnam. The source of match videos were found from Sport Singapore Council YouTube channel. By watching these videos, the matches has been used to notated and analyzed in this study.
Every match consists of three (3) rounds in total of fighting. Two (2) minutes for every round, with 1 minute rest between each round. The outcome used is hit target, hit elsewhere and miss opponent. Hit target will be counted if the kick and topple is made hit the body pad or target. Hit elsewhere if the kick and topple is made hit the other part of body that not hit the target or body pad. Meanwhile the miss opponent will be counted when the kick or topple is made did not hit the opponent. 

MATCH ANALYSIS

The video were used to analyze the 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015 women semifinal Class B between Singapore and Laos, women quarterfinal Class C between Singapore and Indonesia, women quarterfinal Class D between Singapore and Thailand, women semifinal Class D between Malaysia and Singapore and women final class D between Malaysia and Vietnam. Performance of the player was analyzed using a notational analysis which is all indicators were recorded manually through the video. The video were continual often to get the precise measurement of each offensive and defensive movement.

MOTION CATEGORIES

In silat, there are different types of motion such as:
Punch:
The punch ‘tumbuk’ attack is done by a hand with closed fist hitting the target. In silat, punching is often used to fight the opponent. It can be a straight punch ‘tumbuk lurus’ or uppercut ‘sauk’ to exponent body’s (Anuar, 1992).
Kick:
The kick ‘tendang’ or ‘terajang’ is an ataacking movement which is performed with one leg or two legs simultaneously. A kick can be aimed at any target. It can be front kick ‘tendang depan’, side kick ‘depak’ or semi-circular side kick ‘ tendang lengkar’(Anuar, 1992).
Block:
The blocking movements begin with the posture position ‘sikap pasang’: the exponent stands straight with his hands around his body or close to his chest. Blocking or parrying ‘tangkisan’ can be done using arms, elbows and legs with the purpose to block off or striking back at any attck (Anuar, 1992).
Catch:
The catch ‘tangkapan’ is done by using the hand to obstruct the opponent from carrying out an attack. The silat exponent is able to prevent himself from being attacked by pointing the attack which he has caught to another direction. A catch which twists or drags the opponent is forbidden. Also, a catch which could break the part which is being held such as the leg and waist is also forbidden. These regulations exit to protect the silat exponent’s (Anuar, 1992).
Topple:
There are various ways of toppling down one’s opponent. For example, a silat exponent ‘pesilat’ can either push, shove the opponent’s back leg from the bad or from the side, shove, hit, kick, strike or punch to make the opponent lose his balance. Every falls is considered valid as long as the sila exponent topples his opponent down without wresting or he is able to overpower the opponent whom he has brought down (Anuar, 1992).
Sweep:
Swiping ‘sapuan’ involves attacking an opponent’s leg which is on the ground to unstable him and brings down to the ground. A silat exponent can perform this attacking movement either with his right or left leg. Hence, front sweep ‘sapuan depan’ is done by swinging the leg to the front to push an opponent’s leg, while back sweep ‘sapuan belakang’ is carried out by swinging the leg backward to hit the back leg (Anuar, 1992).
Evade/Dodge:
The evade ‘elakan’ technique is carried out by silat exponent when he tries to evade an attack. This technique does not require the silat exponent to touch the opponent in fending off the attack. They are many ways of carrying out his defensive movement such as dodging ‘gelek’, retreat ‘mundur’, evasion to the side ‘elak sisi’, bending ‘elak serung’, jumping ‘lonjak’ ducking ‘susup’ and etc. (Anuar, 1992).
Self-Release:
Self-release ‘lepas tangkapan’ technique is a technique to unlock any clinch or catch from an opponent (Anuar, 1993)
Block and Punch:
The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using the leg to kick the opponent (Shapie, Oliver, O’Donoghue, & Tong, 2013).
Block and Kick:
The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using sweeping technique to the opponent (Shapie et al., 2013). 
Block and Sweep:
The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using sweeping technique to the opponent (Shapie et al., 2013).
Fake Punch:
An action which a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake punch to break his opponent’s defensive posture (Shapie et al., 2013).
Fake Kick:
An action which a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake kick to break his opponent defensive posture (Shapie et al., 2013).
All the activities are considered high intensity except for others which at that time both silat exponents are in low intensity periods.
  
RELIABILITY OF OBSERVATION
The author analyzed all the activities and simultaneously classified each changes of motion in a single match. Two observation were done separated by 48 hours. It requires experienced silat practitioners to analyze the data as the movement of both exponent was fast, needing close inspection. The classification of movement was subjective with work being classified according to the instruction given by the referee.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The observation generated data will be frequency counted, a method of recording in observational research in which the researcher records each occurrence clearly defined behavior within a certain time frame. All the raw data collected from all matches use the system produced by Shapie, M. M. et al. (2013). Statistical analysis and result was calculated using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 20. Independent T-Test was used to determine the performance data between winner and loser. The video is notated at least two times, and the data will be taken more accurate. The frequency was taken as data to be analyzed. The remark generated data will be regularity counted, and every round of data will be composed to be analyzed. All the raw data were exported into Microsoft Word and transferred into SPSS for further detailed analysis. Mean and standard deviation (SD) for all the markers has been computed to locate the measurable factors that separated winning and losing individual.
  
RESULT
Table 1: Women Class B Semi Final between Laos (Winner) and Singapore (Loser) 

Action
Hit Target
Hit Elsewhere
Miss Opponent
Total
WINNER
LOSER
WINNER
LOSER
WINNER
LOSER

Block & Punch
1
0
2
0
1
0
4
Block & Kick
4
1
3
1
0
0
9
Block & Sweep
0
0
0
0
3
2
5
Block
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Kick
14
20
18
9
16
5
82
Fake Kick
2
0
1
0
0
0
3
Punch
7
16
1
1
0
0
25
Fake Punch
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Topple
0
0
0
1
3
3
7
Catch
1
1
0
1
3
3
9
Dodge
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Sweep
0
0
1
4
5
4
14
Self-Release
2
2
0
0
0
0
4
Total
32
40
27
17
31
17
164







328

Table 2: Women Class C Quarter Final between Indonesia (Winner) and Singapore (Loser)

Action
Hit Target
Hit Elsewhere
Miss Opponent
Total
WINNER
LOSER
WINNER
LOSER
WINNER
LOSER

Block & Punch
0
3
1
3
1
0
8
Block & Kick
5
1
3
3
0
0
12
Block & Sweep
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Block
2
0
1
1
0
0
4
Kick
11
9
2
3
2
3
30
Fake Kick
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Punch
1
5
0
0
0
0
6
Fake Punch
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Topple
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
Catch
0
0
1
0
3
3
7
Dodge
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
Sweep
0
0
4
0
1
0
5
Self-Release
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Total
20
18
12
10
10
7
77







154

Table 3: Women Class D Quarter Final between Singapore (Winner) and Thailand (Loser)

Action
Hit Target
Hit Elsewhere
Miss Opponent
Total
WINNER
LOSER
WINNER
LOSER
WINNER
LOSER

Block & Punch
3
3
2
2
0
0
10
Block & Kick
3
1
0
6
0
1
11
Block & Sweep
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
Block
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Kick
14
11
4
12
3
11
55
Fake Kick
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Punch
19
5
1
1
0
2
28
Fake Punch
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Topple
2
0
0
0
2
3
7
Catch
0
0
0
0
5
1
6
Dodge
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Sweep
0
0
0
2
3
0
5
Self-Release
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Total
43
20
7
23
15
19
127







254

 Table 4: Women Class D Semi Final between Malaysia (Winner) and Singapore (Loser)

Action
Hit Target
Hit Elsewhere
Miss Opponent
Total
WINNER
LOSER
WINNER
LOSER
WINNER
LOSER

Block & Punch
2
2
2
2
0
0
8
Block & Kick
3
2
1
0
1
1
8
Block & Sweep
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
Block
0
0
0
0
2
2
4
Kick
0
1
14
2
2
1
20
Fake Kick
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
Punch
2
0
11
6
0
0
19
Fake Punch
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
Topple
0
0
2
0
4
3
9
Catch
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Dodge
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Sweep
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
Self-Release
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
Total
7
5
33
14
12
7
78







156

 Table 5: Women Class D Final between Malaysia (Winner) and Vietnam (Loser)

Action
Hit Target
Hit Elsewhere
Miss Opponent
Total
WINNER
LOSER
WINNER
LOSER
WINNER
LOSER

Block & Punch
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Block & Kick
3
1
2
4
0
0
10
Block & Sweep
2
0
0
0
1
2
5
Block
4
1
1
1
2
5
14
Kick
15
10
10
13
6
9
63
Fake Kick
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Punch
12
7
4
5
0
3
31
Fake Punch
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Topple
1
0
0
0
4
6
11
Catch
5
1
0
6
0
10
22
Dodge
3
0
1
0
0
0
4
Sweep
2
0
0
0
0
1
3
Self-Release
5
3
0
1
1
3
13
Total
54
23
18
30
14
39
178







356


Frequency profile of all match

Match 1: Women Class B Semi Final between Laos (Winner) and Singapore (Loser)

SWEEP
WINNER
6
48
8
3
65
LOSER
8
34
17
4
63
TOTAL
14
82
25
7
128 

 
Match 2: Women Class C Quarter Final between Indonesia (Winner) and Singapore (Loser)

SWEEP
WINNER
5
15
1
3
24
LOSER
0
15
5
0
20
TOTAL
5
30
6
3
44 

 
Match 3: Women Class D Quarter Final between Singapore (Winner) and Thailand (Loser)

SWEEP
WINNER
3
21
20
4
48
LOSER
2
34
8
3
47
TOTAL
5
55
28
7
95
  
Match 4: Women Class D Semi Final between Malaysia (Winner) and Singapore (Loser)

SWEEP
WINNER
0
16
13
6
35
LOSER
1
4
6
3
14
TOTAL
1
20
19
9
49

Match 5: Women Class D Final between Malaysia (Winner) and Vietnam (Loser)

SWEEP
WINNER
16
31
5
2
54
LOSER
15
32
6
1
54
TOTAL
31
63
11
3
108


DISCUSSION

Pencak Silat is a popular Asian martial art. This game is exceptionally intriguing in light of the fact that it includes an ability that was a mix of hand to hand fighting aptitudes, battling, and self-protection. The examination past is states that silat competitor’s thought to be extraordinary in both kicking and punching yet punching recurrence is lower than a kicking. However, silat competitors should create punching ability speedier and precise in light of the fact that punching is the high rate effective of hitting target contrast with kicking expertise in rivalry.
For the first match result was from Women Class B Semi Final between Singapore and Lao which are Laos win this match, Laos’s athlete is more used kicking skill than Singapore’s athlete. That is why Laos’s athlete get more point. Furthermore, Laos’s athlete do less mistake that can deduct her point compare to Singapore’s. Besides kicking, Laos’s athlete also do more block and kicking hit target to her opponent. Singapore’s athlete also do more skill such as kicking and punching hit target but at the same time, Singapore’s athlete do lot of mistake that deduct her point and finally got less point because of her mistakes. This is one of the different between winning and losing in silat olahraga. Competitor must wise to make strategy plan and technique during match.
For the second match result was from Women Class C Quarter Final between Indonesia and Singapore. From the start of the event, Indonesia’s athlete seems like more dominated to control the game tempo and comfortable to get point by point and leading the game at the first half of the game. Plus, Indonesia’s athlete gain most point from a punch hit target. From that, we can see Indonesia’s athlete was high percentage on hit target, which means they are high in accuracy and get most successful from the attempt. The hit target accuracy from Indonesia’s athlete is higher compared to other outcomes. Furthermore, athlete from Indonesia seems more aggressive with sharp technical and great tactical. Other than that, opponents from the match has made lot of mistakes or unforced errors.
For the third match result was from Women Class D Quarter Final between Singapore and Thailand which Singapore are winning this match. Singapore’s athlete do more attacking than Thailand’s athlete. From the result, Singapore’s athlete makes 19 times punch hit target, 14 times kick hit target and 2 times topple toward her opponent. Thailand’s athlete gives more opportunity to Singapore’s athlete to make more attacking during match. In first round, Singapore’s athlete do 3 times strike kicking towards Thailand’s athlete and it show that Singapore’s athlete very fast make a movement and attack towards her opponent and also not even once give an opportunity towards Thailand’s athlete to make some movement. Thailand just makes 5 times punch hit target and 11 times kick hit target towards her opponent for the whole match. During the low intensity activity both of the silat exponents were deemed to be performing low activity actions such as “sikap pasang” posture or coming close to each other using silat step pattern “pola langkah”.
For the fourth match result was from Women Class D Semi Final between Malaysia and Singapore. In that match, Singapore’s athlete lose the match against Malaysia’s athlete because of Malaysia’s athlete do more fast attacking rather than Singapore’s athelete. As we can see from the result, Singapore’s athlete makes only 6 times punch hit target, 4 times kick hit target and 3 times topple toward her opponent. Singapore’s athlete gives more opportunity to Malaysia’s athlete to make more attacking during match. In first round, Malaysia’s athlete do 5 times strike kicking towards Singapore’s athlete and it showed that Singapore’s athlete are slower than Malaysia’s athlete in make movement and attack towards her opponent and also not even once give an opportunity towards Singapore’s athlete to make some movement. Malaysia’s athlete makes 13 times punch hit target and 16 times kick hit target and 6 times topple towards her opponent for the whole match.
For the last match result was from Women Class D Final between Malaysia and Vietnam. In summary, Vietnam’s athletes have been chosen to see the factor of losing and winning in analyzing their motion category that they used. Vietnam’s athlete using frequent attacking such punching and kicking but most of the attack hit elsewhere and not the target, the mean and standard deviation Malaysia’s athlete is slightly better than Vietnam’s athlete. Vietnam’s athlete more focus on punching and kicking that the Malaysia’s athlete have been waiting to catch and straight down to swept the Vietnam’s athlete. Vietnam frequently using kicking on hit target but weak in defending and lack of self-release skill that they easily got toppled by Malaysia’s athlete.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, based on the previous study, punch hit target, kick hit target, sweep and topple skill was mostly used for winning and losing team. The current study has provided a great understanding of the information for the silat by looking at the activity involved in competition. Both of the exponents performed more high intensity actions than low intensity actions. Post-event analysis of hand notation indicates that the prototype system developed for this study can be used to record and evaluate a silat olahraga match. This study complemented with those of the broad work and rest study undertaken by Shapie et al (2013). The current study has provided a great understanding of information for the silat olahraga by looking at the activity involved in competition. Both of the exponents performed more high intensity actions than low intensity actions (i.e. the frequency count).
However it is important to understand that high intensity actions will contribute more in the score points (i.e. outcome that count) rather than low intensity actions. There is also a range of frequency in attacking and defensive activities used by both of the exponents. The winner (blue exponent) used more kicks than the loser which may reflect greater skill or fitness or both. However, it is still doubtful that these are the only factors that influence the match. National silat olahraga athlete needs more tactical skills to be learned as it helps to reduce the mistakes during match. More than that, the national athlete must able to avoid error that might make them less capable to dominant the athlete from other country. The tactical and technical skills must be understood by the athlete to ensure they would have better performance in the next competitions. Indicators listed for the silat olahraga also important as it was the score they could collected for the match.
The data collected would help them to realize their mistakes that they could not know as they were focusing on the game. Coaches and athletes can sit together to talk about the previous match and share their experience towards the game for better improvement and preparations for the other competitions.

RECOMMENDATION

It is recommended that both attacking and defensive skills should be balanced in their training programs. Attacks must be hit target to get the points, but at the same time they have to increase their blocking in order to avoid the opponents to get their points. The skills development for both attacking and blocking need to precise at time to time based on training programs periodization. Coaches must plays the important role and consider these things. Based on the result, the main factor to win the match is punching hit target, because it give opportunity to punch their opponent as much as they can to get one point for one punch. Meanwhile, the participant should reduce the punch hit elsewhere because no point given for that punch. For the sweep skill, in order to decrease missed target, the fighter need to focus, in good position and try to estimate opponent’s next movement. Topple that hit the target is so important because it gives extra points. So, the recommendation here is the fighter must keep improve their technical and tactical and maintaining the fitness in order to win the match.


REFERENCES

Sport Singapore. (2015). Pencak Silat Tanding Women's Class B Semi-Final Singapore vs. Laos; 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved at November 4, 2017 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=38l1L7K_Bf0

Sport Singapore. (2015). Pencak Silat Tanding Women's Class C Quarter-Final Singapore vs Indonesia; 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved at Novermber 22, 2017 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euphyjgyOD4

Sport Singapore. (2015). Pencak Silat Tanding Women's Class D Final Vietnam vs Malaysia; 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved at December 3, 2017 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8znlq-xjOzc&t=30s

Sport Singapore. (2015). Pencak Silat Tanding Women's Class D Semi-Final Singapore vs Malaysia; 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved at December 4, 2017 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KabRtORJHh0&t=52s
Aziz, A. R., Tan, B., & Teh, K. C. (2002). Physiological responses during matches and profile of elite pencak silat exponents. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 1, 147-155.


Kartomi, M. (2011). Traditional and modern forms of pencak silat in indonesia: The suku mamak in riau. Musicology Australia, 33(1), 47-68. doi: 10.1080/08145857.2011.580716

Seneviratne, P. (1993). Golden moments: The sea games 1959-1991: P. Seneviratne.

Shamsuddin, S. (2005). The malay art of self-defense: Silat seni gayong: North Atlantic Books.


Latiff, Z. A. (2012b). Revisiting pencak silat: The malay martial arts in theatre practice and actor training. Asian Theatre Journal, 29(2), 379-401.

Shapie, M. M., Oliver, J., O’Donoghue, P., & Tong, R. (2013). Activity profile during action time in national silat competition. Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts., 1(2), 81-86.

Shapie, M. N. M. (2011). Influence of age and maturation on fitness development, trainability and competitive performance in youth silat. Cardiff Metropolitan University.  

Shapie, M. N. M., Oliver, J., O’Donoghue, P., & Tong, R. (2013). Activity profile during action time in national silat competition. Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts, 4(1), 75-79.

Wilson, I. D. (2003). The politics of inner power: The practice of pencak silat in west java. Murdoch University.  

Wilson, L. (2009). Jurus, jazz riffs and the constitution of a national martial art in indonesia. Body & Society, 15(3), 93-119. doi: 10.1177/1357034X09339103
Anuar AW. Teknik dalam seni silat melayu [In Malay] (Technique in Silat Melayu). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka; 1992.
Anuar, A. W. (1993). Silat Olahraga (2nd edn.). The art, technique and regulations.


APPENDICES

Match 1: Women Class B Semi Final between Laos (Winner) and Singapore (Loser)

Statistics
WINNER
N
Valid
65
Missing
0
Mean
2.1231
Std. Error of Mean
.07755
Std. Deviation
.62519


Statistics
LOSER
N
Valid
63
Missing
2
Mean
2.2698
Std. Error of Mean
.09655
Std. Deviation
.76636


Match 2: Women Class C Quarter Final between Indonesia (Winner) and Singapore (Loser)

Statistics
Winner
N
Valid
21
Missing
1
Mean
1.71
Std. Error of Mean
.240
Std. Deviation
1.102

Statistics
Loser
N
Valid
20
Missing
2
Mean
1.25
Std. Error of Mean
.099
Std. Deviation
.444

Match 3: Women Class D Quarter Final between Singapore (Winner) and Thailand (Loser

Statistics
Winner
N
Valid
48
Missing
0
Mean
2.5208
Std. Error of Mean
.10731
Std. Deviation
.74347


Statistics
Loser
N
Valid
47
Missing
1
Mean
2.2553
Std. Error of Mean
.09359
Std. Deviation
.64160

Match 4: Women Class D Semi Final between Malaysia (Winner) and Singapore (Loser)


Statistics
Winner
N
Valid
36
Missing
0
Mean
2.6389
Std. Error of Mean
.14449
Std. Deviation
.86694


Statistics
Loser
N
Valid
14
Missing
22
Mean
2.7857
Std. Error of Mean
.23855
Std. Deviation
.89258


Match 5: Women Class D Final between Malaysia (Winner) and Vietnam (Loser)

Statistics
Winner
N
Valid
54
Missing
0
Mean
1.8704
Std. Error of Mean
.09907
Std. Deviation
.72804


Statistics
Loser
N
Valid
54
Missing
0
Mean
1.8704
Std. Error of Mean
.09175
Std. Deviation
.67422